Between 2006 and 2016, the percentage of Afghanistan’s population with access to electricity went up from just 28 percent to 84 percent. While the majority of the population now has electricity, only a third of it uses the national electric grid, with the rest relying on off-grid systems. After years of non-existent rural. . Rivers and streams are common in the mountains of Nepal, but access to the national electric grid is not. With more than 6,000 rivers and tributaries and 300 days of sunshine a year, Nepal has been driving rural electrification through. . Bhutan’s electricity access rate has increased from 61 percent in 2006 to 100 percent in 2016, ahead of the country’s initial 2020 goal. On-grid. . Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan are excellent examples of how renewable energy potential combined with government support can result in successful electricity solutions. While they still face some financial,. [pdf]
This means financial losses. Those employing off-grid electricity systems comprised the majority in the sample in Afghanistan. Approximately two-thirds of interviewee households used off-grid solutions, almost entirely solar home systems at the household level.
Along with increasing grid electricity, this appears driven in large part by the expansion in solar home systems. Two-thirds of households in the research sample have access to solar electricity, almost all as their primary source of electricity. This is one of the most important pieces of the Afghanistan Energy puzzle.
Rapid expansion of grid and off-grid electrification is occurring across the country, facilitated by a range of national and international actors. Grid expansion continues at an uneven pace with Afghan households, especially in urban areas, being progressively connected to grid electricity.
Since much of rural Afghanistan is isolated and mountainous, the cost of transmission to these communities is not always feasible. However, off-grid renewables, that is energy sources that do not have a connection to a central grid system, have proven to be pivotal in electrifying regions without access to reliable power.
The expectation of imminent grid electricity connections amongst the majority of the sample population (92.3%) could potentially shape consumer energy preferences and demand. Many areas of Afghanistan are not expected to be connected to the grid expansion for years, and possibly decades.
On the other, the ubiquitous diffusion of standalone solar home systems that, as further corroborated by this survey, provided most of rural Afghans with access to basic electricity services.
Wind Power, Hydro Electricity, Solar PV, Heat Pumps, Geothermal, Wave, and Solar thermal energy all contribute to generating renewable energy in Australia. Hydro Power supplies 25.7% of Australia's renewable energy. That is exactly 6.2% of continents' whole electricity generation. Hydro Power supplies were the. . Overall 378.7 PJ of renewable energy was generated in 2018. This accounted for 6.2% of the energy used 6,146 PJ in Australia. Only, 2% of total. . Australia is one of the few countries that is chasing on producing and using 100% renewable energies. South Australia is expecting to achieve this height by 2030. Photo by David Clodeon. [pdf]
Wind Power, Hydro Electricity, Solar PV, Heat Pumps, Geothermal, Wave, and Solar thermal energy all contribute to generating renewable energy in Australia. Hydro Power supplies 25.7% of Australia's renewable energy. That is exactly 6.2% of continents' whole electricity generation.
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This accounted for 6.2% of the energy used 6,146 PJ in Australia. Only, 2% of total Australian energy production comes from renewable energy. Likewise, 5% of primary energy and 7% of electricity is added to it. Although Australia has the highest average solar radiation per meter, solar energy produces less than 2% of renewable energy in Australia.
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Critical infrastructure resilience is vital for achieving national resilience and security. Given the essential role of energy in all as-pects of society, the energy system’s resil-ience is crucial. A resilient. . The Government of Kosovo has not paid significant attention to developing national resilience. Moreover, developing critical energy infrastructure resilience is a wholly overlooked process that. . Critical Infrastructure is the backbone of societies all over the world, as it pro-vides the essential and crucial services that these societies cannot successfully function without. Critical. . What are the current threats to Kosovo’s energy security? What are the shocks and stresses to Kosovo’s energy grid? How could Kosovo develop a resilient critical energy infrastructure? [pdf]
Kosovo has a working group for NECP development and drafting has started, but no public consultations have yet been held. A new Energy Strategy, to replace the last one from 2017, 15 is also being developed, so it is presumed that these are being coordinated with one another. Energy security, solidarity and trust
Kosovo has been working on energy e ciency, adopting implementing legislation on the energy performance of buildings in 2020 and strengthening its expertise in building certification. A plan to boost nearly zero-energy buildings and a Building Renovation Strategy have also been drafted, 66 but not yet adopted to the best of the author's knowledge.
Kosovo's energy future lies in the EU energy market, but it must find its own way to make the energy transition work for the good of the country. For this, the inclusion of the public in debating energy policy is essential, to harvest ideas and address concerns.
Recommendation: Ensure Kosovo's educational system and vocational training opportunities are aligned with energy transition, and include appropriate budget allocations for such training. This may be connected with just transition planning but should also go beyond it to engage entrepreneurs, youth and the diaspora.
As for oil, as Kosovo builds its power sector based on sustainable forms of renewable energy, it should also move towards electrification of transport and improvement of public transport, in order to decrease dependence on imported oil and to promote cleaner air.
Skills training for installation of rooftop solar and heat pumps is also needed. Recommendation: Ensure Kosovo's educational system and vocational training opportunities are aligned with energy transition, and include appropriate budget allocations for such training.
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